Toaster ovens typically heat from both the top and the bottom. They are designed to provide even heating and toasting by using two heating elements—one at the top and one at the bottom. These heating elements generate radiant heat that warms up the air inside the oven.
The top heating element is responsible for browning and crisping the surface of the food, while the bottom heating element ensures that the bottom part of the food gets cooked and toasted evenly. Some toaster ovens also have a fan that helps distribute the heat more evenly throughout the cooking process.
This dual heating system in toaster ovens allows for various cooking methods, such as baking, broiling, toasting, and even some light roasting, making them versatile appliances for small cooking tasks.